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 User Description: - The proportion of construction steel in the total steel output?in recent decades, the former Soviet Union, the United States and Japan have already been the very best three countries in the world in terms of steel output, with their steel output ranking first in the world in turn. Therefore , the construction of steel structures in these countries is booming. In the same period, China's development in this area is relatively slow, and the particular level is relatively backward. Recently, with the implementation and promotion of China's reform and opening up policy, China's economic construction has made rapid progress. During this time period, China's steel production is just about the first in the world. In 1996, China's steel output exceeded 100 million tons for the first time; in 1998, China's steel output reached 114. 34 million tons, and an annual increase of 3 million tons. But currently, there clearly was still an important gap between China and developed countries in several aspects. For that reason in order to promote the further development and application of China's building steel structure, we have to know the use of foreign building steel structure.? br > the quantity of construction steel in China is the reason about 20% - 25% of the sum total steel output, whilst the developed countries account fully for more than 30%. Like in the United States and Japan, the index has exceeded 50%. In China, steel is mainly found in building steel structures, steel bars for reinforced concrete, steel strands, steel wires, doors and windows, etc ., of which no more than 10% is used for steel structures in ChinaOf the 100 million a great deal of steel output, 2-3 million tons are actually employed for steel structures.?according for some data of the distribution of American metal construction industry in the center of 1998, the development of American metal construction industry and the basic market In the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, the annual sales volume in millions of US dollars / annual processing volume in thousands of tons were 150 / 30, 300 / 65, 1200 / 110, 1500 / 125 and 2200 / 190, respectively. For example , in the 1950s, the corresponding growth multiples were 1 ) 2/2, 2. 8/3, 7. 10/5, 7 and 15 / six. 3, respectively. It can be seen out of this that the annual sales level of construction metals in the usa keeps growing rapidly. It is estimated that the annual sales volume has exceeded 2. five billion US dollars and the annual processing volume has now reached more than 2 million tons.?2. Steel structure and light steel structure of low-rise and multi-storey buildings?the main market distribution of metal buildings in the usa: Industry (production plant, warehouse and auxiliary facilities, and so on ), commerce (shopping malls, hotels, exhibition halls, hospitals, office buildings, etc . ), social areas (private and public community activity centers and buildings, such as schools, gymnasiums, libraries, and so on ), churches, and so forth ) and comprehensive, accounting for 46%, 31%, 14% and 9% respectively.? amjsteel in america, steel structure continues to be common in low-rise buildings. The American Institute of steel construction and the metal building Manufacturers Association (AISC and MBMA) jointly developed a design guide for low rise buildings. The alleged low rise buildings areIt refers to the industrial workshop, warehouse, office and other office and community buildings with a floor height of significantly less than 18m and a floor number of a maximum of five. Among them, non residential buildings with two floors or less account for 70%.?light steel buildings have already been widely used in factories, warehouses, gymnasiums, exhibition halls, supermarkets and other buildings in a few developed countries. The alleged light steel identifies the colour steel plate whilst the roof and wall, thin-walled steel as purlin and ring beam, to weld the building steel structure.3. High rise and super high-rise steel structure?due to the continuous improvement of human cultural life, certain requirements for high-rise and long-span buildings have become higher and higher. The steel structure it self has the unique benefits of lightweight, high strength and fast construction, therefore it is very ideal for high-rise and long-span, specifically for super high-rise and super long-span. At the moment, the best and largest structure in the world is steel structure, and the stadiums of previous Olympic Games are mostly steel structure. Currently, several pure steel structure buildings in the world will be the highest super high-rise buildings in the world. They are: the 102 story, 381m high Empire State Building in 1931 (the highest before 1969); the 110 story, 417m high World Trade Center in Nyc (two South and North) in 1969;?the Sears Tower in Chicago, USA, with 110 floors and 443m high, was built in 1970; and the KLCC, with 450m tall, was built in 1996The world's tallest building, nevertheless the Sears Tower in the United States has objections);?the Jinmao Tower in Shanghai, built in 1997 in China, has 95 floors, 421m in height and 395m in structure, which also ranks among the highest in the world. If Shanghai Pudong global financial center building (460m on 95th floor) is completed, it'll be regarded as the greatest in the world, which really is a great honor for China. Shenzhen Saige Plaza building, 70 floors, 279m high, is the highest super high-rise building in the world, which will be also a fantastic honor for China.?mega steel structure is a new system of high-rise or super high-rise buildings, which will be produced to generally meet the special or comprehensive functions. It has good building adaptability and potential high-efficiency structural performance, is a very developed structure. Like the NEC building with 43 floors and 180m full of Chiba County, Japan, is equipped with large openings and large space courtyards. Its mega structure is a giant space truss system consists of four Mega structural columns and four giant space truss beams. Through analysis, this kind of system has quite strong anti push rigidity. Another example is the new commercial bank building built in 1997 in Frankfurt, Germany, that has 63 floors and 298. 74m high. Additionally it is the best super high-rise building in Europe. The plane of the building can be an equilateral triangle with side period of 60m. Its structural system is three independent frame tubes with triangle vertices.4. Large span steel structure?large span or large span mostly adopt steel structure, obviously, it can also be finished with "membrane", but inflatable membrane is rarely utilized in recent years because of some shortcomingsThe tension membrane also needs the support of steel cable and steel pole.?large span steel structure is trusted in multi-functional stadiums, convention and exhibition centers, exhibition halls, waiting halls, aircraft hangars, and so forth The initial flat grid with the largest span was 91m × 122m (square pyramid) in the Academy of California gymnasium in Los Angeles in the 1960s. The largest double-layer latticed domes will be the Houston cosmodome (196m in diameter) and the New Orleans Superdome (207m in diameter), of also built in the usa in the 1970s. In the 90s, the biggest span single layer latticed shell in the world was built in Nagoya, Japan. The diameter of the building is 229. 6m, the diameter of the structure is 187. 2m, and the three direction grid is adopted. The largest indoor gym in the world may be the Atlanta gymnasium, the key Gymnasium of the 1996 Olympic Games in america (the quasi elliptical plane, 186m × 235m), that will be made up of cable, pole and membrane. It is the most promising new space structure. Fukuoka gym integrated Japan in 1993, with a diameter of 222m, is the largest open close steel structure roof today, as the skydo me built-in Canada in 1989 (with a diameter of 203m) has been paid off to the 2nd largest open close structure in the world. The roof structure in excess of 300m consists of steel plate and section steel, which will be not the suitable scheme. In recent years, the hybrid (hybrid) structure has been studied successfullyRod, cable and membrane are used together. The most typical example may be the Millennium Dome at the turn of the millennium. It was built in June 1997. It took just one year to create. In June 1998, the lifting ceremony happened. Situated in Greenwich on the South Bank of the Thames River in London, the pavilion is the largest roof in the world. The dome is much like a UFO with a diameter of 320m. The dome is suspended by 12 100m high mast columns (90m of the column itself), including 10m supports, with a total period of 70km steel cable. The mast columns are arranged on the circumference of 200m in diameter. The dome grid consists of 72 pairs of radial cables and 7 circumferential cables. The dome is 50m high, with a central cable truss and 70m diameter ring at the center, covered with 144 bits of double-layer large white fiberglass cloth coated with Teflon. The total section of the project is 80000 m2, with a total budget of 758 million pounds. The exhibition will be held with the theme of "innovation era" to welcome the 21st century. There are 12 exhibition areas in the museum, including "human human body exploration", "time class", "financial window", "earth miracle" and "looking forward to the future". Obviously, from a theoretical perspective, it is possible to realize the structure with the largest span. Therefore , scholars and research institutions in Japan and america are all carrying out research. For example , in 1959 fuller proposed to build a 3. 22km-diameter short-range wire mesh shell, covering the 23-59 block of New york, with a weight of 80000 T. the span of 200m and 500 proposed by Japan Pakistan Railway Group Institute wasM and 1000m reticulated shell blueprints, 500m for all-weather multi-functional sports and entertainment hall, 1000m for creating an ideal future city, reflecting the work, living and entertainment integration of rich day to day living environment. Though it remains to be further studied whether this assumption could be realized in fact, in terms of bridges, the span of approximately 1000m has been realized. In the world, the largest cable-stayed bridge is Japan's Duoluo bridge with a total length of 890m; the greatest suspension bridge is Japan's Mingshi bridge (1991m), and the biggest span bridge for both highway and railway is Qingma bridge (1377m) in Hong Kong, China. The first hyperbolic paraboloid suspension roof in the world may be the famous American Leili sports hall. In addition , all previous Olympic Games and expositions can show the development amount of steel structure. For example , in 1972, Munich, Germany (cable net complex covering 74800 M2 Stadium), 1976, Montreal, Canada, 1980, Moscow, 1984, Los Angeles, USA, 1988, Seoul, Korea (120m diameter fitness center and 93m diameter fencing hall are cable domes), 1992, Spain, Barcelona, San Jodi Stadium (128M), 1996, Atlanta, USA, Georgia Dome (186m × 235m cable dome). 2000 Sydney main stadium, Australia (110000 people, two 220m × 70m Hyperbolic Paraboloid Latticed Shells). Airport and hangar are long-span structures, and steel structures are ostensibly found in the project. For example , London Heathrow hangar (phase I and phase II) must be of scaleThe bigger project. Lately, the main city hangar (2-153m × 90m) built in our country adopts three-layer inclined pyramid grid and welded spherical joint plate grid, which includes the largest span scale in the world, which is yet another great honor in steel structure in our country. The steel structure roof of the airport is more colorful as a result of the high requirements of the building. Both Hong Kong airport and Malaysia Airport in China adopt the form of large-area single grid shell. At present, some sort of three-dimensional truss system with wavy surface, tree support and directly intersecting joints is popular in the world and in China. It looks majestic and beautiful. Shenzhen airport, capital airport and Pudong airport are typical examples.five. The outlook and gap of China's construction steel structure? light steel house from the ability of some developed countries in the usa, Japan and Europe, the construction industry will end up the key market of steel application. At present, there was still a gap between China and it. For that reason the high-rise building steel within our country has been imported from abroad up to now, especially the thick steel plate larger than 50 mm. The z-direction performance of domestic products continues to be not up to the requirements. Foreign countries not merely have large steel plate thickness, but also can meet various performance requirements. For instance , the 100mm thick steel plate that Japan has been able to make gets the following types:�? you will find 590n / mm2 (ht590) thick steel plates of high strength and low preheating type (previously preheated 75 �? now preheated 50 �?;�? earthquake resistant thick steel plates, mainly of low yield ratio and high strength steel (ht590-ht780)）And low yield point steel plate, which will be mainly stated in Japan and found in secondary structures, when the earthquake does occur, the material yields first to make sure that the primary structure reduces the earthquake loss;�? fire-resistant thick steel plate. There are 400N / mm2 and 490N / mm2, and the yield strength can reach 2 / 3 of normal temperature when it's 600 �?�? austenitic stainless plate and ferritic stainless steel plate for decoration (coastal use, superior to the former). Currently, just about all domestic high-rise steel structures are imported from abroad, the general contracting of the project is undertaken by foreign countries, and the manufacturing and installation are contracted by domestic low-cost labor. This case must be reversed quickly, as it is not commensurate with the status of China as a significant steel country. Long span steel structure just isn't as prominent as high-rise steel structure, but design schemes (including buildings and structures) tend to be won in foreign countries. This case is far from the phone call of the central government to emphasize the establishment of our personal scientific and technological innovation system, which should attract the interest of China's construction industry. It is worth our thinking whether the level is low or other reasons.? query summary of examination results of level-2 registered structural engineer in 2008? Query summary of examination results of level-1 registered structural engineer in 2008 basic subjects of Structural Engineer (I) general chemistry exercises summary? Examination time of structural engineer in 2009: September 19, 20? Examination specifications and standards in 2008: level-1 structural engineer For more information, please visit: Structural Engineer channel structural engineer forum